Hepatitis B

Hepatitis B is a viral infection that affects the liver.  It is a global health concern and can lead to both short-term illness and long-term liver complications.  While infection rates are relatively low in the UK, hepatitis B remains more common in parts of Asia, Africa, Eastern Europe, the Middle East and South America.

The virus can cause inflammation and damage to the liver, and in some cases it may develop into a chronic infection.  Long-term infection can increase the risk of serious liver conditions such as cirrhosis or liver cancer.  Vaccination is the most effective way to protect against hepatitis B, particularly for travellers visiting regions where the virus is more widespread.

 

How Hepatitis B Spreads

Hepatitis B spreads through contact with infected blood or bodily fluids.  The virus can enter the body through broken skin or mucous membranes such as the mouth, eyes or genitals.

Common ways hepatitis B may be transmitted include:

• Unprotected sexual contact with an infected person
• Sharing needles or injection equipment
• Exposure to infected blood during medical or dental procedures
• Receiving tattoos or piercings using non-sterile equipment
• Sharing personal items such as razors or toothbrushes

 

In some cases, hepatitis B can also be passed from mother to baby during childbirth.  Because the virus can survive outside the body for several days, it can spread through contaminated surfaces or equipment.

 

Who Is At Higher Risk?

Certain individuals may have a higher risk of exposure to hepatitis B, including:

• Travellers visiting countries with higher infection rates
• Healthcare workers or laboratory staff
• People who may require medical treatment abroad
• Individuals who inject drugs or share needles
• Those engaging in unprotected sex with new partners
• Long-term travellers or people staying with local communities

 

Even travellers who do not plan high-risk activities can potentially be exposed through accidents or emergency medical treatment while abroad.

 

Symptoms of Hepatitis B

Many people with hepatitis B do not develop symptoms, particularly during the early stages of infection.  When symptoms do occur, they may appear between six weeks and six months after exposure.

Possible symptoms include:

• Fatigue and weakness
• Loss of appetite
• Fever
• Nausea and vomiting
• Abdominal pain
• Joint pain

 

Some people may also develop jaundice, which causes yellowing of the skin and eyes.  Urine may become darker in colour and stools may appear pale.

While many adults recover fully, a small percentage may develop chronic infection.  Long-term infection can lead to serious liver damage over time.

 

The Hepatitis B Vaccine

The hepatitis B vaccine provides reliable protection against the virus.  It works by stimulating the immune system to produce antibodies that recognise and fight the virus if exposure occurs in the future.

The vaccine is given as an injection, usually in the upper arm.  A typical vaccination course involves three doses given over several months.  In some cases, accelerated schedules are available when protection is needed more quickly, such as before travel.

Combined vaccines are also available, including:

• Hepatitis A and hepatitis B combined vaccines
• Travel vaccine combinations depending on individual needs

 

After completing the full course, most people develop long-term protection against hepatitis B.

 

Possible Side Effects

The hepatitis B vaccine is considered safe and is widely used around the world.  Most side effects are mild and temporary.

Possible side effects may include:

• Soreness or redness at the injection site
• Mild fever
• Headache
• Fatigue

 

These symptoms usually settle within a few days.  Serious reactions are extremely rare.

 

Frequently Asked Questions

What is hepatitis B?

Hepatitis B is a viral infection that affects the liver and spreads through contact with infected blood or bodily fluids.  In some cases it can lead to chronic liver disease if not properly managed.

How do you catch hepatitis B?

Hepatitis B is transmitted through exposure to infected blood or bodily fluids.  This can occur through unprotected sex, sharing needles, medical procedures using contaminated equipment, or close contact with infected blood.

What are the symptoms of hepatitis B?

Some people experience no symptoms, while others may develop fatigue, nausea, fever, abdominal pain and jaundice.  Symptoms can appear several weeks or months after exposure to the virus.

Who should get the hepatitis B vaccine?

The vaccine is recommended for travellers visiting high-risk regions, healthcare workers, people with certain medical conditions and individuals who may be exposed to infected blood or bodily fluids.

How many doses are required for the hepatitis B vaccine?

The standard course usually involves three injections given over several months.  In some cases, accelerated schedules are available depending on travel plans.

How long does the hepatitis B vaccine last?

After completing the full vaccination course, protection is expected to last for many years.  Booster doses are usually not required unless a person remains at ongoing risk of infection.

 

Protect Yourself Before You Travel

If you are travelling to areas where hepatitis B is more common, vaccination can provide important protection.  When combined with sensible precautions, the vaccine significantly reduces your risk of infection.

Speak to one of our healthcare professionals to discuss your travel plans and determine whether the hepatitis B vaccine is recommended for you.